Bordet, Jules Jean Baptíste Vincent.
Belgian bacteriologist and serologist, 1870–1961; winner of the Nobel prize
for medicine or physiology in 1919 for his work in immunology.
Sabin, Albert Bruce : Russian-born
American virologist 1906–1993
Salk, Jonas Edward : American physician
and virologist, 1914–1995
Ehrlich, Paul. German physician, chemist,
immunologist and bacteriologist, 1854–1915; co-winner, with Elie
Metchnikoff, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1908
for developing the side chain theory.
Ehrlich's side-chain theory : the first (1896) comprehensive theory
of antibody production, which proposed that antibody-producing cells have
surface molecules (side chains) that can bind to antigens and that binding
to a specific side chain causes the cell to produce more of the same side
chain and to release these side chains into the serum as antibodies. Two
of Ehrlich's postulates, that antibodies are identical to the antigen receptors
and that antigen binding triggers the synthesis of antibody with the same
specificity as the receptor, are now known to be essentially correct
Metchnikoff Elie : Russian zoologist
in Paris, 1845–1916; co-winner, with Paul Ehrlich,
of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1908 for his discovery
of phagocytes and phagocytosis.
Burnet Sir Frank Macfarlane.
Australian physician and virologist, 1899–1985; co-winner, with Peter
B. Medawar, of the Nobel prize in medicine and physiology for 1960,
for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance and for the conceptual
framework of immunology in the clonal selection theory
Billingham
Brent
Owen RD
Lillie FR
Medawar Peter Brian. Brazilian-born
British biologist, 1915–1987 ; co-winner, with Sir
Frank Macfarlane Burnet, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology
in 1960 for his discovery of the mechanism of acquired immunological tolerance.
Dausset, Jean Baptiste Gabriel : French physician,
born 1916; co-winner, with Baruj Benacerraf
and George Davis Snell, of the Nobel
prize for medicine or physiology in 1980 for their research on genetically
determined structures of the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
Dausset identified the first human leukocyte antigen (HLA) “MAC.”
Snell George Davis (American geneticist,
born 1903), Jean Baptiste Gabriel Dausset and Baruj
Benacerraf (Venezuelan-born American pathologist, born 1920) : co-winners
of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1980 for their work on
the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the genetic control of immune
responses
Benacerraf Baruj. Venezuelan-born
American pathologist, born 1920; co-winner, with Jean Baptiste Gabriel
Dausset and George Davis Snell, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology
in 1980 for their work on the major histocompatibility complex and the
genetic control of immune responses.
Jerne Niels Kaj. Danish immunologist,
born 1911; co-winner with Cesar Milstein
and Georges J. F. Köhler
of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1984 for his 3 theories:
of the selective theory of antibody formation, of the T lymphocyte's distinction
of “self” from “non-self,” and of the functional network of interacting
antibodies and lymphocytes.
Milstein Cesar. Argentine-born immunologist
in Great Britain, born 1927. Co-winner with Niels
Kaj Jerne and Georges J. F. Köhler
of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1984 for his and Köhler's
production of monoclonal antibodies
Köhler Georges Jean Franz.
German immunologist, born 1946. Co-winner with Niels
Kaj Jerne and Cesar Milstein of the Nobel
prize for medicine or physiology in 1984 for his and Milstein's production
of monoclonal antibodies.
Talmage David W.
natural selection theory : the first selective theory of antibody
formation, according to which about a million different antibody molecules
are constantly being produced at low levels; when an antibody combines
with a complementary antigen the complex is taken up by antibody-producing
cells and the antibody is replicated. This theory explained many features
of the immune response but incorrectly located immunologic memory in serum
rather than cells
clonal selection theory : a modification of the natural selection
theory: there are in each adult several million clones of antibody-producing
cells, each programmed to make antibody of a single specificity and bearing
cell-surface receptors capable of reacting with specific antigens; exposure
to antigen induces cells of antigen-reactive clones to proliferate and
differentiate to produce large quantities of specific antibody. This theory
has been found to be essentially correct
recombinational germline theory / Dreyer and Bennett hypothesis
: a theory of the origin of antibody diversity, according to which the
DNA coding for a single immunoglobulin chain is assembled by a somatic
recombinational event from two genes, one a unique constant region gene
and the other one of several million variable region genes. The first theory
to propose that two genes might code for a single polypeptide chain, it
is now known to be essentially correct, although more than 2 types of genes
are actually involved
instructive or template theory : a theory of the mechanism of antibody
specificity, current during the 1930s and 40s, which proposed that the
shape of an antibody molecule is determined as it is synthesized by being
molded on an antigen molecule. The antigen thus “instructs” a cell to make
specific antibody
clonal deletion theory : a theory of immunologic tolerance to self
antigens according to which “forbidden clones” of immunocytes, those reactive
with self antigens, are eliminated on contact with antigen during fetal
life. The terms “clonal abortion,” “clonal anergy,” “clonal silencing,”
and “clonal purging” have also been used for this phenomenon
Tonegawa, Susumu : Japanese-born
immunologist in United States, born 1939. Winner of the Nobel prize for
medicine or physiology in 1987 for his discovery of genetic principles
regarding generation of specific antibodies active against any of millions
of different disease agents
Doherty, Peter C. : Australian immunologist
in the United States, born 1941. Co-winner, with Rolf
M. Zinkernagel, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1996
for their discovery about how the immune system detects virus-infected
cells
Zinkernagel, Rolf M. : Swiss
immunologist, born 1944. Co-winner, with Peter
C. Doherty, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1996 for
their discovery about how the immune system detects virus-infected cells.
Matzinger, Polly, now section head
of the T
cell tolerance and memory section of the Laboratory of Cellular and
Molecular Immunology at the NIAID, turned conventional immunity theories
around when she conceived the danger model.
Early in her career, in 1978, she included the name of her Afghan hound,
Galadriel Mirkwood, as a coauthorRef,
and the Journal of Experimental Medicine barred Matzinger from its
pages for 13 yearsRef;
"until the editor died", she says ! When the NIH considered Matzinger for
tenure, the canine coauthor question reemerged. The directors, she says,
could take a joke. "They decided it wasn't really fraud. It was a real
dog [a frequent lab visitor] and they said it had done no less research
than some other coauthors had".
Lanzavecchia, Antonio (Varese, 1951)
Graduated in Medicine at University of Pavia, Italy, in 1976
Director of Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona,
Switzerland since 2000.
Vincenzo Barnaba University of Rome "La Sapienza"
Andrea Biondi Milano-Bicocca University
Alberto Beretta San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Ezio Bonifacio San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Federico Caligaris-Cappio Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Jean-Laurent Casanova Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris
Paolo Dellabona San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Jonathon Ewbank Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy
Bernard Malissen Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy
Alberto Mantovani University of Milano, Milano
Giovanna Musco San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Ruggero Pardi Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Philippe Pierre Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy
Guido Poli Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Paola Ricciardi Castagnoli Università degli Studi di Milano
Bicocca, Milano
Maria Grazia Roncarolo Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Roberto Sitia Vita-Salute San Raffaele University
Francesco Sinigaglia BioXell Spa, Milano
Aldo Tagliabue Chiron SpA, Siena
Andrea Velardi Perugia University School of Medicine
Eric Vivier Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy